How can functionalized nanomaterials be engineered to selectively bind or degrade microplastics in biological or aquatic systems without introducing new toxicological concerns?

The growing burden of nano- and microplastics (NMPs) in biological tissues and aquatic systems is a pressing environmental and health concern. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) like metal oxides, sulfides, carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene oxide), and polymer-based nanostructures offer potential as scavengers, sensors, or degraders of these pollutants. However, many challenges remain in designing nanomaterials that are both selective and safe for use in complex biological or ecological environments.