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How do microplastic particle sizes influence bioaccumulation and toxicity in freshwater ecosystems?

 Microplasticsand plastic particles smaller than 5 mm are increasingly found in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs worldwide. Their small size allows them to be ingested by a wide range of aquatic organisms, potentially moving up the food chain. Research suggests that particle size may influence how these plastics are taken up, accumulate in tissues, and cause physiological effects, but the mechanisms are still not well understood. Understanding these size-dependent effects is essential for ecological risk assessment, developing management strategies, and protecting freshwater ecosystems. 
Aquatic toxicology Ecotoxicology Environmental engineering
2 Answers
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crimulti
Larger microplastics tend to remain in the gut and mainly cause physical stress, such as blockage and reduced nutrition. Smaller microplastics can cross epithelial barriers, accumulate in organs and induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Whereas, nanoplastics penetrate cells, reach sensitive tissues such as the brain and gonads, alter gene expression and cause systemic toxicity.
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JWeis
Larger particles are less likely to be ingested, and if ingested are less likely to be absorbed into the tissues and more likely to work their way down the digestive tract and and be egested. 

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Created
08/23/2025
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Amina Othmani